树结构混合滤波算法

本文总结了中值滤波、均值滤波在滤除图像噪声中的不足，给出了树结构混合滤波器。理论分析和试验表明：树结构混合滤波器具有抑制图像噪声能力强，保持图像几何结构信息，算法结构化，易于计算机软件、硬件实现的特点。     

几种平均海面模型的数字实现与比较

本文对计算平均海面的平均值法、抗差法、动态模型法和动态抗差模型法作了实测数据的计算与比较。研究表明，动态抗差模型不仅能削弱海面垂直异常的影响，而且能顾及海面动态效应，求出平均海面和海面的平均升降，优于其它方法。     

低纬纬向风年际振荡在太平洋地区的传播

利用ＮＭＣ客观分析８５０ｈＰａ（１９７４．１２－１９８８．２）和２００ｈＰａ（１９６８．３－１９８８．２）平均纬向风资料，对其准两年振荡和准３－４年振荡进行了研究。结果发现：纬向风准两年、准３－４年振荡在热带地区上、下层均一致自西向东传播，但位相相反；在中纬度地区，纬向风准两年、准３－４年振荡上、下层均盛行自西向东传播，且位相一致；西太平洋地区低层纬向风准３－４年振荡均为从南、北半球中纬度地区向赤     

An observational study of 300 mb winds in the tropical belt. Part II: Dynamical interpretation

An estimate of the magnitudes of the absolute vorticity advection terms and the terms in the balance equation suggest that the use of the barotropic vorticity equation within 5 degrees of latitude of the equator is not very good and that the linear balance equation is as good as the nonlinear balance equation in the equatorial region. Zonal Fourier analysis has revealed that the contribution from planetary scale waves is much larger than that from synoptic scale waves, being more in the winter hemisphere than in the summer hemisphere. In classical scale analysis there must be a distinction in wavelength between the zonal and the meridional directions for planetary scale waves. This distinction does not appear to be necessary for synoptic scale waves.     

福建黄岗山东南坡气温的垂直变化

利用HOBOOnset自动温度记录仪于 2 0 0 1年 11月～ 2 0 0 2年 11月对福建黄岗山东南坡 7个地点的气温 ,间隔15min进行了连续观测。结果显示 :黄岗山年平均气温直减率为 0 .4 3℃ / 10 0m ;不同月份的直减率有差异 ,一般来说 ,冬季小 ,夏季大 ,其中 12月最小 (0 .2 6℃ / 10 0m) ,9月最大 (0 .5 6℃ / 10 0m)。平均最高气温沿海拔高度变化并非呈线性关系 ,表现为中海拔 (16 0 0m )数值最低 ,而平均最低气温沿海拔高度呈明显线性关系 ,直减率为0 .5 4℃ / 10 0m。最高温度沿海拔高度变化不明显。月平均的日较差沿着海拔高度变化呈“U”字形 ,中海拔月平均日较差值最低。日平均气温≥ 0℃ ,≥ 5℃和≥ 10℃的积温沿海拔高度呈线性关系 ,直减率几乎相同。≥ 10℃积温从低海拔至高海拔相差约 2 0 0 0℃ ,海拔每升高 10 0m稳定初日至终日 ,积温日期间隔平均减少 7d左右。     

北半球副热带—中纬度太平洋大气季节内扰动的纬向传播与东亚夏季旱涝

用时空滤波和Morlet小波方法,分析了1958—2000年夏季东亚(20°—45°N,110°—135°E)不同纬带(由南到北分为4个区域)的降水分别与太平洋同一纬带上大气30—60 d振荡(ISO)沿纬圈传播的关系及其成因机制。发现太平洋上经向风ISO向西传播的强或弱,是东亚夏季风区降水偏多或偏少的必要条件。对逐年夏季的分析表明,无论当年东亚夏季风强与否,在所划分的几个东亚季风区所有涝的年份里,太平洋同一纬带上大气ISO向西传播都明显较强,而在这些区域绝大多数旱的年份里,相应的ISO向西传播明显较弱。进一步分析发现,经向风ISO的纬向传播对应着大气经向型环流系统的移动,向西传影响东亚夏季风区降水的ISO有来自低纬中东太平洋东风流中的低频气旋(如副热带东风带中ISO的演变);也有来自中高纬度阿拉斯加湾及鄂霍次克海一带低频低压(如洋中槽)和高压(如阻塞高压和东北太平洋高压)的向南向西频散。因此东亚夏季旱涝不但与热带季风有关,而且与中东太平洋副热带东风系统中ISO的向西传播、中高纬度长波调整时低频扰动向西南经北太平洋副热带的传播密切相关。     

Differencing Reveals Hidden Changes in Baseline Length Time-series

In order to make successful earthquake predictions, detection and monitoring of baseline changes are important for investigating their origins, including precursory crustal deformations in tectonically active areas. In this study, differencing two baselines that run approximately parallel to each other and normal to the expected crustal deformations, and that share a station is proposed for analysis. Differencing reduces common systematic baseline errors, thereby enabling detection of subtle transient systematic changes in the baseline time-series that are otherwise buried in the measurement noise. Mean shift analysis, a well-known statistical technique to determine hether the mean of a stochastic process has shifted using cumulative sum charts, can then be used to locate the change points in the time-series. The application of this method to the differences of concurrently observed very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and global positioning system (GPS) baselines in the Japanese Keystone project, where periodic and persistent baseline changes are removed, revealed transient variations in the baseline lengths several months prior to the seismic activity in the Izu Islands that started on June 26, 2000. Reproduction of the results using GPS and VLBI, two alternative baseline measurement techniques, validated the accuracy of the proposed approach for detecting previously hidden transient changes in the baseline lengths.     

COARSE-PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN A GRAVEL-BED RIVER

ＣＯＡＲＳＥ－ＰＡＲＴＩＣＬＥＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＩＮＡＧＲＡＶＥＬ－ＢＥＤＲＩＶＥＲＷｉｌｌｉａｍＷ．ＥＭＭＥＴＴ１，ＲｏｂｅｒｔＬ．ＢＵＲＲＯＷＳ２，ａｎｄＥｄｗａｒｄＦ．ＣＨＡＣＨＯ，Ｊｒ３．（１Ｕ．Ｓ．ＧｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｕｒｖｅｙ，Ｗａｔｅ...     

MASINGA RESERVOIR IN KENYA：SEDIMENT DISCHARGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS CAPACITY

ＭＡＳＩＮＧＡＲＥＳＥＲＶＯＩＲＩＮＫＥＮＹＡ：ＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＤＩＳＣＨＡＲＧＥＡＮＤＩＭＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＳＦＯＲＩＴＳＣＡＰＡＣＩＴＹ￥Ｆ．Ａ．Ｏ．Ｏｔｉｅｎｏ（ＳｅｎｉｏｒＬｅｃｔｕｒｅｒｉｎＣｉｖｉｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉ...     

北半球50hPa多年月平均经向剖面上的季节变化

我们根据1965年1月—1984年12月共20年平均的50hPa高度场资料作出的沿各经度的纬度-高度时间剖面图和逐月纬间高度梯度值表,分析得到如下结论: 1、50hPa上从冬到夏的季变,北带(60—90°N)和南带(10—30°N)中最早的时间都在3—4月,这比中带(30—60°N)各经度上和北、南带其余各地区完成季变都要早一个月。 2、50hPa上从夏到冬的季变,北带最早,大多出现在7—月,少数出现在8—9月;中带全在8—9月完成季变,南带更晚些。显然北带早于中带,中带又早于南带。 3、北半球平流层50hPa的季变,从冬到夏是来自极地和赤道两个方向共同发动的,而自夏到冬,其发动方向仅来自极地。